35^th International Conference on Neuroscience and Neurochemistry September 21-22, 2020 Berlin, Germany

Neurochemistry:

Development of chemical monitoring has been provided the neuroscientist with powerful toolbox for developing biological mechanism of drug addiction. The four analytical characteristics are considered as chemical monitoring in brain: sensitivity, selectivity, speed & size.

Where this mostly defines as molecular, cellular, biochemical mechanism of nervous system and it immune system.

\r\n It is a disease of central and peripheral nervous system. In other words the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. These disorders also includes epilepsy, Alzheimer disease and other dementia, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuroinfections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders and neurological disorders as a result of malnutrition.

Many bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections can affect the nervous system. Neurological symptoms may occur due to the infection and immune response.

Psychology & Neuropsychology: 

They are the one who are interrelated to each other where brain and rest of the nervous system influence with cognition and behaviour. Where mainly focus on injuries and illness brain effects. As both the clinical and experimental psychology manages behaviour and cognition. A professional practitioner will manage social, behavioural, or cognitive studies.

Psychoanalysis is done investigating minds and interpreting experience.

Neurosurgery:

Clinical and surgical examination which deals with the neurological treatment of specific disorders associated with brain, medulla spinalis, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system is termed as neurosurgery. Emergencies like intracranial hemorrhage and neurotrauma are basically involved in most of the neurosurgery. Intracerebral haemorrhage being the most explanation for morbidity and mortality, leads to affecting between 37 000 and 52 400 patients annually within the us. By the year 2020, Global Interventional Neurology Market is predicted to succeed in $2,370.4 Million, expected to possess a CAGR of 8.4% from 2015 to 2020. Recent advances in surgical technology have meant that the main target of treatment for spinal conditions has progressed towards preservation of normal spinal motion and sparing of structures adjacent to problem areas.

Some of the crucial sorts of neurosurgery includes vascular neurosurgery and endovascular neurosurgery, stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and epilepsy surgery, brain tumour , oncological neurosurgery, skull base surgery, spinal neurosurgery, peripheral nerve surgery.

Spinal Surgery:

Spinal surgery market on neurology has a high chance of reaching $6.9 billion by 2020. Global spinal surgery devices market is expected to reach $14.8 billion by 2017, with an estimated yearly growth rate of 5.1% in the next five years and in Europe it is expected to reach $2,993.6 million by 2019. Although spinal fusions still hold the largest market share, disc replacements are pushing forward in popularity as they become more available among spine practices. The Millennium Research Group reported that the global spinal non-fusion market would surpass $1.6 billion by 2022, nearly tripling in size from just a few years ago.

Neuropathic Pain:

Chronic pain related with tissue injury is termed as Neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery plays an enormous impact on such neuropathic pain. The impact of nerve fibre injury includes a change in nerve function both at the location of injury and areas round the injury. Nerve pressure or nerve damage after surgery or trauma alongside viral infections, cancer, and even vascular malformations, alcoholism, neurological conditions like MS and metabolic conditions such as diabetes are the common explanation for neuropathic pain. Peripheral neuropathic pain, central neuropathic pain, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pains are the three basic mechanism of neuropathic pain.

Statistics says that 7- 8% of the Europe population is affected, out of which 5% of patients are severely traumatized. Anti-epileptics, Antidepressants, Opioids, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) are the few treatment processes for neuropathic pain.

Neuropathology:

Neuropathology consists largely of examination of biopsy tissue from the brain and medulla spinalis to assist in diagnosis of disease. It is an important aspect for neurosurgery. The subject often confused with neuropathy deals with laboratory analysis of tissue samples for personalized diagnosis or forensic investigations.

Neurological disorder pathogenesis including related neuronal and glial pathology, the Golgi body, RNA-mediated regulation of organic phenomenon, RNA stability, RNA splicing, signal transduction, and therefore the cytoskeleton may come under the part of neuropathology. Research subjects on neurology like developmental neurobiology, developmental neuropathology and biology of paediatric and adult brain tumours are recent additional.

Neurology Nursing

People who suffer from brain and nervous system disorders are assisted by Neuroscience Nurse. Monitoring neurological exams, administering medication, and consulting physicians on patient progress are some of their duties. Neuroscience Nurses assists neurosurgery and work in diverse, challenging and rewarding environments, such as hospitals, health care clinics, brain injury units, and intensive rehabilitation units.

These nursing professionals need to be acknowledged about the diagnostic tests as well. CT scans and MRI’sare some of such tests. Neurological nurses also have the idea of understanding how to read and interpret these tests as well.

Brain Tumor:

In general, there is a less than a one percent chance of developing a malignant CNS or brain tumor over the course of one's lifetime. The risk increases once the age increases. Among people under the age of 20, 4.5 per 100,000 persons will be diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. This very rate rises to 57 per 100,000 persons after age 75. Brain tumors are the second-leading cause of death due to cancer for children and teens under age 20, females under 20 years of age, males under 40 years of age.

Cerebrovascular Disorder:

The condition when the blood vessel in the brain gets affected, it results to cerebrovascular disorders. Stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack and vascular dementia are few types of cerebrovascular disorder, for which neurosurgery plays a great role.

In United States (U.S.), cerebrovascular disease is the 5th most common cause of death. It caused 41.7 fatalities per 100,000 people, or 133,103 deaths in total. Globally there are 62 million peoples who suffer from cerebrovascular disease each year.

Central Nervous System:

The central nervous system is a highly specialized network which organizes interactions dealing with two major parts which are brain and spinal cord. The CNS is vulnerable to various disorders. trauma, infections, degeneration, structural defects, tumors, blood flow disruption, autoimmune disorders etc., are the reasons which hinders central nervous system. Statistics reveals that approximately 22 million patients suffer from various forms of central nervous system disorder. According to a new United Nations report on the subject of neurology, 6.8 million people die out of the maladies each year.

Peripheral Nerve Injury:

The peripheral nervous system comprises of a network of 43 pairs of motor and sensory nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) to the entire human body. Nerve injuries, brachial plexus injury, foot drop injury, spinal accessory nerve injury, traumatic nerve injury are certain massive peripheral nerve injury. Surgical risk factors like compressive dressings or casts, tourniquet inflation, hematoma or abscess formation promote such nervous injury.

Surgical risk factors like compressive dressings or casts, tourniquet inflation, hematoma or abscess formation promote such nervous injury.

Endovascular Neurosurgery:

Catheters and radiology are used in endovascular neurosurgery to diagnose diseases of the central nervous system. Endovascular neurosurgery generally uses tools that pass through the blood vessels to diagnose and treat diseases and conditions which don’t uses open surgery. Thrombolytic therapy, endovascular coiling, minimally invasive spine surgery, cerebral angiography carotid artery angioplasty/stenting are certain procedures of endovascular neurosurgery. In order to diagnose a vascular disease, cerebral or spinal angiography – D.S.A. (Digital Subtraction Angiography) is performed which is considered as a gold standard investigation.

Novel Therapeutics:

Novel therapeutics basically deals with the novel treatment strategies like therapeutic brain (electric and magnetic), tau-based Treatment strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, anti-amyloid therapy, Comprehensive treatment, therapeutic dilemmas in multiple sclerosis and future research directions in brain disorders. Neurosurgery is such a significant topic that needs to be researched more for further cure and solution.

Neuroendocrinology:

The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system is collectively termed as neuroendocrinology. The neuroendocrine system is the mechanism which deals with the hypothalamus that maintains homeostasis, regulating reproduction, metabolism, eating and drinking behavior, energy utilization, osmolality and blood pressure. Understanding of stimulus-secretion coupling, the augmentation of the treatment of mood symptoms with thyroid hormone, finding of a transthyretin (thyroxine transport) problem is an important portion of neuroendocrinology.

In order to help physicians confirm or rule out the presence of a neurological disorder or other medical condition, diagnostic tests and procedures are used as vital tools. Worldwide neuromodulator business market was evaluated at $3.65 Billion in 2015 and estimated to reach $6.20 Billion by 2020 with a CAGR of 11.2%. Certain techniques of neurosurgery such as chorionic villus sampling, pre-symptomatic testing, biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, neuroimaging and human neuroimaging are commonly used to diagnose. This is in contrast to classical synaptic transmission, in which one presynaptic neuron is directly influenced by a single postsynaptic partner.  Neuromodulators wind up investing a lot of energy in the cerebrospinal liquid (CSF), affecting (or "regulating") the action of a few different neurons in the cerebrum. Consequently, a few neurotransmitters are likewise thought to be neuromodulators, for example, serotonin and acetylcholine.

Case Reports on Neurology & Neurosurgery:

There are about more than 600 neurological diseases. There are about 248 case reports in intracerebral malignant lymphoma. There are two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture are presented. 167 cases of Extradural Hematoma are also there.

Case reports on Neurosurgery and neurology track is made to share scientists, researchers, doctor’s practical experience of new and critical neurological conditions and injuries and to influence young researchers. It enables other researchers to gather knowledge and ideas about new technologies, clinical trials, drug testing and other new aspects on neurology and neurosurgery.