Neuroinflammation & Immunology

Neuroinflammation is the immune system’s response within the central nervous system (CNS), involving the activation of immune cells in the brain, such as microglia and astrocytes. While acute inflammation plays a protective role in fighting infections and clearing damaged cells, chronic neuroinflammation is linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Understanding the intricate relationship between the immune system and the brain is crucial for developing new therapies targeting neuroimmune dysfunction. The brain’s resident immune cells, microglia act as the first line of defense by detecting and responding to infections, injuries, and toxic proteins. Overactivation of microglia can lead to chronic inflammation and neuronal damage. These star-shaped glial cells support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and regulate neurotransmitter balance. In inflammatory conditions, astrocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to neurodegeneration. These signaling molecules coordinate immune responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) drive inflammation, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGF-β) help resolve it. 

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